Mineral Deposits

EART30171 Mineral Deposits 10 Semester 1 Undergraduate Level 6 David Polya Unit coordinator Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences 1 FHEQ level (Framework for Higher Education Qualifications) ' Last part of a Bachelors ' European Credit Transfer & Accumulation System Rating : 5.0 <div> <div> Metals from mineral deposits provide one of the cornerstones of effectively functioning modern societies. Maintaining supply through the discovery of new deposits or through recycling is recognised globally as a critical, particularly in the face of growing populations and standards of living in changing world. This course unit will examine the principles of ore formation and particularly in the context of how they impacts their global distribution and models for exploration; it further highlights the key elements of mining life cycle from demand to exploration to valuation to environmental issues. Much of this is done in the context of skills required for successful employment in the mining sector – so in addition to lectures (largely introducing new material), paper-based practicals (to reinforce those principles) , seminars involving teams of students are a key element of the course unit.   </div></div>  <div> Metals from mineral deposits provide one of the cornerstones of effectively functioning modern societies. Maintaining supply through the discovery of new deposits or through recycling is recognised globally as a critical, particularly in the face of growing populations and standards of living in changing world. This course unit will examine the principles of ore formation and particularly in the context of how they impacts their global distribution and models for exploration; it further highlights the key elements of mining life cycle from demand to exploration to valuation to environmental issues. Much of this is done in the context of skills required for successful employment in the mining sector – so in addition to lectures (largely introducing new material), paper-based practicals (to reinforce those principles) , seminars involving teams of students are a key element of the course unit.   </div>  <div> The course unit aims to <div> [i] introduce the principles of ore formation and in particular the chemical and physical controls on the genesis of hydrothermal ore deposits;[ii] introduce key elements of the mining cycle – mineral resource demand, mineral exploration, ore grade prediction and environmental & socio-economic legacies of mining; and[iii] develop key skills and attributes of those seeking employment in the economic geology sector. </div></div>  On the successful completion of the module, students will be able to:<ul> <li> outline the major factors controlling the genesis of ore deposits, including the controls on solubility of ore minerals in and the movement of hydrothermal fluids;</li></ul><ul> <li> outline controls on the nature and variability of demand for mineral resources</li></ul><ul> <li> outline some of the key factors in the design of mineral exploration programmes and outline some of the commonly used geochemical, geophysical, remote sensing and other methods used in exploration for mineral deposits</li></ul><ul> <li> describe common methods used to evaluate the viability of a prospective mining operation and compare and contrast the advantages and disadvantages of these methods</li></ul><ul> <li> outline key environmental issues associated exploitation of mineral resources</li> <li> critically synthesise literature and data to develop and discuss ore formation models, environmental issues and/or critical mineral evaluation</li> <li> apply knowledge to construct models of chemical speciation, ore formation, mineral resource values and/or environmental impacts</li> <li> apply key skills and attributes of those seeking employment in economic geology sector by planning and presenting  professional standard reports</li></ul> <div> Learning in this course unit will be based upon (i) lectures; (ii) practicals and (iii) independent study, supported by reading lists, lectures and further e-learning materials made available on Blackboard and University of Manchester MyLearning Essentials.General principles will be outlined in lectures, with practicals/workshops used to reinforce those principles through practical (paper/computer based) exercises and discussions.The feedback strategy is designed to help develop a student’s ability to self-assess their own progress. Feedback will be delivered during practicals and via Blackboard.A key component of the course unit will be a commodity review presentation made by teams of students – this exercise reflects and builds upon several skills required for successful mining sector professionals, notably team work, communication skills, accuracy, knowledge of current events, attention to detail and adhering to relevance to delivery targets.  This mode of learning and teaching is selected for this element of the course unit as it emphasises the self-learning and professional requirements of those seeking employment in the mining sector.</div><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true" DefSemiHidden="true" DefQFormat="false" DefPriority="99" LatentStyleCount="267"> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="0" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Normal"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="heading 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 7"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 8"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 9"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 1 Written exam 70% 7 Oral assessment/presentation 30% 1) Formative Assessment Background Knowledge, 2 hours (0%) - Self-marked, whole-group feedback on the day 2) Formative Group oral assessment (0%) - Feedback on the day3) Oral (group) (30%) - Marks via Oracle after MPEC Examiners’ Meeting; Further detailed feedback in School organised exam feedback session4) Exam (70%) - Marks via Oracle after MPEC Examiners’ Meeting; Further detailed feedback in School organised exam feedback session EART10160 Pre-Requisite Compulsory EART20151 Geochemistry Pre-Requisite Compulsory EART30182 Co-Requisite Recommended EART30341 Hydrogeochemistry Co-Requisite Recommended All students entering the course will be expected to have an elementary understanding of mathematics and basic physical and chemical science and should be able to demonstrate this through an ability to manipulate algebraic equations, including those involving exponentials, logarithms and basic trigonometric functions; plot data and simple functions on a graph;  undertake dimensional analysis; convert units; express parameters in suitable values and units, including using scientific notation; use appropriate units for pressure, force, length, weight, time and acceleration; balance a chemical equation; and express chemical equilibria in terms of concentrations/activities of the reactants and products. All students will be expected to have basic IT and communication skills, notable the ability to: utilise word processing and spreadsheet software, access and search the internet, including appropriate library databases of scientific and other published and unpublished literature; set out solutions to quantitative and other coursework problems in a clear and logical manner; Lastly, a basic understanding of crustal geological and near-surface processes is expected. BSc (H) Geol with Plan Sci BSc (H) Geol with Plan Sci Third Year Optional BSc(Hons) Env & Resource Geol BSc(Hons) Env & Resource Geol Third Year Mandatory BSc(Hons) Geochemistry BSc(Hons) Geochemistry Third Year Optional BSc(Hons) Geology BSc(Hons) Geology Third Year Optional MEarthSc(Hons) MEarthSc(Hons) Third Year Optional MEarthSci (H) Geo w Plan Sc MEarthSci (H) Geo w Plan Sc Third Year Optional Y READING:     Barnes, H.L. (1997) Geochemistry of Hydrothermal Ore Deposits. Wiley & Sons, 3rd Ed, 972 pp.Domenico, P.A. & Schwartz, F.W. (1990).  Physical & Chemical Hydrogeology.  Wiley, New York, 824pp.Henley, R.W., Truesdell, A.H. & Barton, P.B., Jr. (1984) Fluid-mineral equilibria in hydrothermal systems. Reviews in Economic Geology 1, SEG, 267ppPattrick, R.A.D. and Polya ,D.A. (1993) Mineralisation in the British Isles. Chapman and Hall.Polya, D.A. (1992): Ore-Formation. in Encyclopedia of Earth Science System, Academic Press, 3, 481-491.And research papers as recommended during the course including from “Economic Geology”, “Journal of Geochemical Exploration”, “Geochimica Cosmochimica Acta”, and “Applied Earth Science” including:Berndt, ME, Seyfried, WE Jr and Janecky, DR (1989) Plagioclase and epidote buffering of cation ratios in mid-ocean ridge hydrothermal fluids: experimental results in and near the supercritical region. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta , 53, 2283-2300.Bethke, CM (1986) Hydrological constraints on the genesis of the Upper Mississippi Valley mineral district from Illinois Basin brines. Economic Geology, 81(2), 233-249.Burnard, P. and Polya, D.A. (2004) Mantle derived fluids in a granite associated Sn-W deposit: He and Ar isotopes from Panasqueira. Geochimica Cosmochimica Acta, 68, 1607-1615Dolejs, D and Manning, CE (2010) Thermodynamic model for mineral solubility in aqueous fluids: theory, calibration and application to model fluid-flow systems. Geofluids, 10, 20-40. doi: 10.1111/j.1468-8123.2010.00282.xDomingo, E.V. and Lopez-Dee, E.E. (2007) Valuation methods of Mineral Deposits. 11th Meeting of the London Group on Environmental Accounting, Johannesburg, 26-30 March, 2007. Avaiulable from: <a href="https://unstats.un.org/unsd/envaccounting/londongroup/meeting11/LG11_14a.pdf">https://unstats.un.org/unsd/envaccounting/londongroup/meeting11/LG11_14a.pdf</a>Foxford, K.A., Nicholson, R., Polya, D.A. and Hebblethwaite, R.P.B. (2000) Seal failure and hydraulic valving at Minas da Panasqueira, Portugal: effects of strain softening on vein spatial distributions, displacements and geometries.  Journal of Structural Geology, 22, 1065-1086.Frazer, M, Whitaker, F and Hollis, C (2014) Fluid expulsion from overpressured basins: implications for Pb-Zn mineralisation and dolomitisation of the East Midlands platform, northern England. Marine and Petroleum Geology, 55, 68-86.Henley, RW and Berger, BR (2011) Magmatic-vapor expansion and the formation of high-sulfidation gold deposits: chemical controls on alteration and mineralization. Ore Geology Reviews, 39(1-2), 63-74.IMVAL (2016) International Mineral Property Valuation Standards Template. 2nd Edition, July6 2016, Available from: <a href="https://www.ivsc.org/files/file/view/id/939">https://www.ivsc.org/files/file/view/id/939</a>Janecky, DR and Seyfried, WE Jr (1984) Formation of massive sulphide deposits on oceanic ridge crests: incremental reaction models for mixing between hydrothermal solutions and seawater. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 48, 2723-2738.Polya, D.A. (1988): Efficiency of hydrothermal ore formation and the Panasqueira W-Cu(Ag)-Sn vein deposit. Nature, 333, 838-841.Polya, D.A., Foxford, K.A., Stuart, F., Boyce, A.J. and Fallick, A.E (2000). Evolution and paragenetic context of low ¿D hydrothermal fluids from the Panasqueira W-Sn Deposit, Portugal: new evidence from microthermometric, stable isotope. noble gas and halogen analyses of primary fluid inclusions. Geochimica Cosmochimica Acta, 64,  3357-3371Seyfried, WE Jr, Ding, K and Berndt, ME (1991) Phase equilibria constraints on the chemistry of hot spring fluids at mid-ocean ridges. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 55, 3559-3 Assessment written exam 1.5 Lectures 10 Practical classes & workshops 20 0 68.5