Structural Geology

EART28202 Structural Geology 10 Semester 2 Undergraduate Level 5 Stephen Covey-Crump Unit coordinator 1 FHEQ level (Framework for Higher Education Qualifications) ' Middle part of Bachelors ' European Credit Transfer & Accumulation System Rating : 5.0 The Theory content gives an overview of the subject, describing the geometry of geological structures and their associated minor structures, together with the key mechanical concepts of stress and strain. The last three Theory sessions seek to integrate the preceding seven by describing the interrelationships between these structures in contractional, extensional and strike-slip tectonic settings. These matters are illustrated using examples taken from other planetary bodies in addition to Earth. The Theory content is densely packed with content so that the overview of the subject is comprehensive – it is intended that the PowerPoint presentations (which include substantial extra comments/further reading in the notes pane to each slide) may be used as a reference source in future studies. As such, this is a road map of the subject – different students will focus on different aspects. Assessment, however, focuses on key material (highlighted within each lecture) that any Earth scientist with interests in geology should be familiar with.The practicals develop a working understanding of structural analysis, focusing on the use of graphical techniques for carrying out and presenting such analyses. The initial focus is upon the use of stereonetsfor analysing the geometry of folds and faults and for constructing cross sections on dipping planes to illustrate that geometry. Three practicals are devoted to stress and strain analysis to develop the content of the Theory sessions on those subjects. We then establish a deeper understanding of what stereonets can do for us by showing how they may be used to establish the kinematics of large scale faults from minor fractures and fabrics found in fault zones. One practical provides particularly useful preparation for the Easter field course (EART25102) and will not be assessed in this unit.  The Theory content gives an overview of the subject, describing the geometry of geological structures and their associated minor structures, together with the key mechanical concepts of stress and strain. The last three Theory sessions seek to integrate the preceding seven by describing the interrelationships between these structures in contractional, extensional and strike-slip tectonic settings. These matters are illustrated using examples taken from other planetary bodies in addition to Earth. The Theory content is densely packed with content so that the overview of the subject is comprehensive – it is intended that the PowerPoint presentations (which include substantial extra comments/further reading in the notes pane to each slide) may be used as a reference source in future studies. As such, this is a road map of the subject – different students will focus on different aspects. Assessment, however, focuses on key material (highlighted within each lecture) that any Earth scientist with interests in geology should be familiar with.The practicals develop a working understanding of structural analysis, focusing on the use of graphical techniques for carrying out and presenting such analyses. The initial focus is upon the use of stereonetsfor analysing the geometry of folds and faults and for constructing cross sections on dipping planes to illustrate that geometry. Three practicals are devoted to stress and strain analysis to develop the content of the Theory sessions on those subjects. We then establish a deeper understanding of what stereonets can do for us by showing how they may be used to establish the kinematics of large scale faults from minor fractures and fabrics found in fault zones. One practical provides particularly useful preparation for the Easter field course (EART25102) and will not be assessed in this unit.  The aim of this unit is to describe the principal types of geological structures that are formed when rock sequences are deformed (e.g., folds, faults, fractures and shear zones), and to provide practical training in analysing the geometry of these structures. Along the way, an introduction to the concepts of stress and strain and to the physical processes by which rocks deform is provided because these are pivotal in developing the subject within the broad field of geomechanics. The unit complements material covered within the 2nd year field mapping courses, and provides the prerequisites for those undertaking the Independent Mapping Project at the end of the 2nd year, and for those planning to pursue further studies in tectonic processes and geomechanics (engineering geology, petrophysics) within their 3rd year.   <table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"> <tbody> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="width: 496px">On the successful completion of the course, students will be able to: </td> <td style="width: 72px">Developed</td> <td style="width: 66px">Assessed</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="height: 85px; width: 64px">ILO 1</td> <td style="height: 85px; width: 432px">show an awareness of what is encompassed by the field of structural geology and types of evidence that is marshalled when constructing an account of the tectonic evolution of a region</td> <td style="height: 85px; width: 72px">x</td> <td style="height: 85px; width: 66px"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="height: 85px; width: 64px">ILO 2</td> <td style="height: 85px; width: 432px">analyse the geometry of folds, faults, shear zones and minor fractures rigorously</td> <td style="height: 85px; width: 72px">x</td> <td style="height: 85px; width: 66px">x</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="height: 85px; width: 64px">ILO 3</td> <td style="height: 85px; width: 432px">use congruent minor structures and fabrics, together with stereograms, to assess the geometry and development (structural history) of large scale geological structures</td> <td style="height: 85px; width: 72px">x</td> <td style="height: 85px; width: 66px">x</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="height: 85px; width: 64px">ILO 4</td> <td style="height: 85px; width: 432px">illustrate the geometry of folds, faults and shear zones using appropriately oriented (i.e., typically fold profile plane or fault plane) cross sections</td> <td style="height: 85px; width: 72px">x</td> <td style="height: 85px; width: 66px">x</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="height: 85px; width: 64px">ILO 5</td> <td style="height: 85px; width: 432px">quantify strains from deformed objects, evaluate normal and shear stresses acting on planes of different orientations using graphical techniques</td> <td style="height: 85px; width: 72px">x</td> <td style="height: 85px; width: 66px">x</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="height: 85px; width: 64px">ILO 6</td> <td style="height: 85px; width: 432px">show the interrelationship between field scale structures in large scale contractional, extensional, and strike-slip tectonic settings</td> <td style="height: 85px; width: 72px">x</td> <td style="height: 85px; width: 66px">x</td> </tr> </tbody></table>  1. Theory: Basic geometrical features of folds and their associated minor structuresPractical: Use of the stereonet for analysing the geometry of folds 2. Theory: How folds formPractical: Map-based consolidation session on analysing and illustrating the geometry of folds using the stereonet; folded lineations; introduction to compiling an evidence-based structural history 3. Theory: StrainPractical: Finite strain measurement techniques 4. Theory: Shear zonesPractical: Analysing and illustrating the geometry of faults using the stereonet 5. Theory: StressPractical: Stress analysis using Mohr’s circle 6. Theory: Fracturing and the emplacement of minor intrusionsPractical: Analysing fracturing using Mohr diagrams 7. Theory: FaultingPractical: Constructing accurate fold profile plane cross sections 8. Theory: Contractional tectonic regimesPractical: Restorable and balanced sections 9. Field Course 10. Field Course 11. Theory: Extensional tectonic regimesPractical: Analysing brittle and ductile shear zone fabrics12. Theory: Strike-slip tectonic regimesPractical: Map-based consolidation session on analysing and illustrating the geometry of folds and faults using the stereonet The Theory content will be posted as PowerPoint presentations on Blackboard. These will be augmented with extra notes (comments/further reading) in the notes pane to each slide, together with some supplementary documents. Students will be expected to learn the lecture material primarily by reading this material on Blackboard. A short document will be posted on Blackboard each week highlighting the key material from that week’s Theory session, together with indications of how this might be assessed in the final Theory examination.The Practical content will be primarily delivered in practical classes through a number of carefully selected, paper-based, map exercises. During the classes, helpful hints on solution strategy and practical demonstrations will be given; the key practical demonstrations will also be recorded as videos to enablethem to be revisited outside the practical classes. Staff and postgraduate demonstrators will be on hand in the classes to guide students through the exercises as they work on them; it is through these exchanges that most formative feedback is delivered. During the practicals interim solutions to the exercises will be made visible in timely fashion. At the end of each class all exercises and solutions will be posted on Blackboard. After several classes there will be extra practice exercises – there is no assessment requirement to do the extra practice exercises but they are designed to be helpful to those students who do.Information on ‘How to do well in this unit’ is posted on Blackboard and underscored in the classes. This includes reference to strengths and weaknesses in student performance in previous years.  1 Written exam 50% 8 Practical skills assessment 50% <table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="0"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="width:149px;height:61px;">Assessment type</td> <td style="width:75px;height:61px;">% Weighting within unit</td> <td style="width:115px;height:61px;">Hand out and hand in dates</td> <td style="width:56px;height:61px;">Length </td> <td style="width:186px;height:61px;">How, when and what feedback is provided</td> <td style="width:56px;height:61px;">ILO tested</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="width:149px;height:159px;">“Theory” examDiagrammatic, shortanswer questionsprimarily on Theorysession content butwith aspects that weredeveloped in thepracticals (e.g., stressand strain analysis)</td> <td style="width:75px;height:159px;">50%</td> <td style="width:115px;height:159px;">End-of-semester exam period</td> <td style="width:56px;height:159px;">2.5 hr</td> <td style="width:186px;height:159px;">No formal personalized feedback given. However, students may view their script after the exam period by arrangement and there is general feedback in the unit review.</td> <td style="width:56px;height:159px;">2*, 3*, 4, 5, 6</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="width:149px;height:163px;">“Practical” exammap-based exercisewith accompanyingshort answerquestions focusingprimarily on analysisof the geometry offolds and faults</td> <td style="width:75px;height:163px;">50%</td> <td style="width:115px;height:163px;">End-of-semester exam period</td> <td style="width:56px;height:163px;">2.5 hr</td> <td style="width:186px;height:163px;">No formal personalized feedback given. However, students may view their script after the exam period by arrangement and there is general feedback in the unit review.</td> <td style="width:56px;height:163px;">2, 3, 4</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="6" style="width:640px;height:44px;">*ILOs 2 and 3 are primarily assessed in the “practical” exam but aspects of them will feature on the “theory” exam; personalized formative feedback is primarily delivered through one-on-one interactions in practical classes</td> </tr> </tbody></table>  EitherEART28101 Introduction to Geological Mapping Field CourseOrEART24001 Geological Maps BSc (Hons) Earth and Plan Scie BSc (Hons) Earth (Geology) Second Year Mandatory BSc (Hons) Earth and Plan Scie BSc (Hons) Earth (Planet Sci) Second Year Optional BSc (Hons) Earth and Plan Scie BSc (Hons) Earth (Geochemistr) Second Year Mandatory BSc (Hons) Earth and Plan Scie BSc (Hons) Earth (Resources) Second Year Mandatory BSc (Hons) Earth and Plan Scie BSc(Hons)Earth&Plan Sci-Palaeo Second Year Optional BSc (Hons) Earth and Plan Scie BSc (Hons) Eart and Plan (GPG) Second Year Optional MEarthSci (Hons) Ea and Pl Sci MEarthSci (Hons) Earth (Geolo) Second Year Mandatory MEarthSci (Hons) Ea and Pl Sci MEarthSci (Hons) Earth (Plane) Second Year Optional MEarthSci (Hons) Ea and Pl Sci MEarthSci (Hons) Earth (Geoch) Second Year Mandatory MEarthSci (Hons) Ea and Pl Sci MEarthSci (Hons) Earth (Resou) Second Year Mandatory MEarthSci (Hons) Ea and Pl Sci MEarthSci (Hons) Earth (Palae) Second Year Optional MEarthSci (Hons) Ea and Pl Sci MEarthSci(Hons)Ea&Pl Sci(G&PG) Second Year Optional MEarthSci (Hons) Earth Industr MEarthSci EPS w IE (GeoChem) Second Year Mandatory MEarthSci (Hons) Earth Industr MEarthSci EPS Yr Industry (ER) Second Year Mandatory MEarthSci (Hons) Earth Industr MEarth Sci (Hons) EPS IE (GPG) Second Year Optional MEarthSci (Hons) Earth Abroad MEarthSci EPS Abroad (PS) Second Year Optional MEarthSci (Hons) Earth Abroad MEarthSci EPS w YA (Geochem) Second Year Mandatory MEarthSci (Hons) Earth Abroad MEarthSci EPS Abroad (ER) Second Year Mandatory MEarthSci (Hons) Earth Abroad MEarthSci EPS Yr Abroad (Pala) Second Year Optional MEarthSci (Hons) Earth Abroad MEaSci (Hons) EPSwYA (GPG) Second Year Optional BSc (Hons) Environmental Sci BSc(Hons) Envir Science (ACS) Second Year Optional MEnvSci Environmental Science MEnvSci Environ Science (ACS) Second Year Optional MEnvSci Env Sci with Ind Exp MEnvSci Env Sci with IE (ACS) Second Year Optional MEnvSci Env Sci with Int Study MEnvSci Env Sci with IS (ACS) Second Year Optional MEarthSci (Hons) EPS with Res MEarthSci (H) EPS (ER) with Re Second Year Mandatory MEarthSci (Hons) EPS with Res MEaSc (H) EPS w R (GeoChem) Second Year Mandatory MEarthSci (Hons) EPS with Res MEaSc (H) EPS w Res (GPG) Second Year Optional MEarthSci (Hons) EPS with Res MEaSc (H) EPS (Plan Sci) w Res Second Year Optional MEarthSci (Hons) EPS with Res MEaSc (H) EPS (Paleo) with Res Second Year Optional MEnvSci (Hons) Env Sci w Resea MEnSc (H) Env Sci w RP (ACS) Second Year Optional <ul> <li>Fossen H, 2016, Structural Geology (2nd edition). Cambridge University Press [core]</li> <li>Lisle RJ, Leyshon PR, 2004, Stereographic Projection Techniques for Geologists and Civil Engineers (2nd edition). Cambridge University Press [recommended]</li> <li>Twiss RJ, Moores EM, 2007, Structural Geology (2nd edition). W.H. Freeman & Co. [recommended]</li> <li>Price NJ, Cosgrove JW, 1990, Analysis of Geological Structures. Cambridge University Press [recommended]</li> <li>Ragan DM, 2009, Structural Geology: An Introduction to Geometrical Techniques (4th edition). Cambridge University Press [recommended]</li></ul> Lectures 11 Practical classes & workshops 27 0 62 <figure class="table"><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="0"><tbody><tr><td style="height:68px;width:139px;"> </td><td style="height:68px;width:85px;">Type</td><td style="height:9.75pt;padding:0cm;width:169.5pt;" width="226">Example student activity</td><td style="height:68px;width:75px;">Total Hours</td><td style="height:68px;width:160px;">New material</td><td style="height:68px;width:104px;">Consolidation and Practice</td></tr><tr><td style="height:39px;width:139px;">Contact time (students are in front of staff)</td><td style="height:39px;width:85px;">Lecture (new material)</td><td style="height:39px;width:75px;">Mostly listening & taking notes (mostly new material)</td><td style="height:39px;width:75px;">11</td><td style="height:39px;width:160px;">11</td><td style="height:39px;width:104px;"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td>Lecture (revision/examples)</td><td>Mostly listening & taking notes (no new material- revision of course)</td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td></tr><tr><td style="height:101px;width:139px;"> </td><td style="height:101px;width:85px;">Practical (new material and practice. Typically 25-50% of practical time is spent on new material)</td><td style="height:101px;width:75px;">Interactive individual or group work (problem solving, experiments, watching demonstrations, describing and interpreting samples, paper-based exercises, computer-based exercises)</td><td style="height:101px;width:75px;">27</td><td style="height:101px;width:160px;">5</td><td style="height:101px;width:104px;">22</td></tr><tr><td style="height:101px;width:139px;"> </td><td style="height:101px;width:85px;">Tutorial</td><td style="height:101px;width:75px;">Interactive small group work</td><td style="height:101px;width:75px;"> </td><td style="height:101px;width:160px;"> </td><td style="height:101px;width:104px;"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td>Seminar/examples class</td><td>Working on and discussing questions (here: field seminar)</td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td></tr><tr><td>Independent study time</td><td style="height:9.75pt;padding:0cm;width:131.5pt;" width="175">Pre/post lecture work</td><td>Reading own notes, re-solving examples, prep work, revisit podcast</td><td>16</td><td> </td><td>16</td></tr><tr><td> </td><td>Pre/post practical work/write up</td><td>Complete practical work, prep work, reading feedback</td><td>16</td><td> </td><td>16</td></tr><tr><td> </td><td>Studio/workshop time</td><td>Individual or group work (student led)</td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td></tr></tbody></table></figure>