Volcanology

EART34302 Volcanology 10 Semester 2 Undergraduate Level 6 Margherita Polacci Unit coordinator 1 FHEQ level (Framework for Higher Education Qualifications) ' Last part of a Bachelors ' European Credit Transfer & Accumulation System Rating : 5.0 <div> The course starts by discussing what controls the distribution of volcanoes on Earth. We then examine the anatomy of volcanoes, and review processes of fractional crystallisation which lead to evolution of magma types (already covered in the igneous petrology course), followed by a quantitative examination of magma properties, and the relationship between viscosity, crystal volatile content, degassing and volcanic behaviour. This is followed by describing and quantifying different types of volcanic activity and related eruptive processes on Earth, and how to interpret eruptive products and deposits. We then examine volcano surveillance methods, hazard assessment and risk mitigation, concluding with the impact of volcanoes on climate and extinction events.</div>  <div> The course starts by discussing what controls the distribution of volcanoes on Earth. We then examine the anatomy of volcanoes, and review processes of fractional crystallisation which lead to evolution of magma types (already covered in the igneous petrology course), followed by a quantitative examination of magma properties, and the relationship between viscosity, crystal volatile content, degassing and volcanic behaviour. This is followed by describing and quantifying different types of volcanic activity and related eruptive processes on Earth, and how to interpret eruptive products and deposits. We then examine volcano surveillance methods, hazard assessment and risk mitigation, concluding with the impact of volcanoes on climate and extinction events.</div>  <div> The unit aims to allow students to develop an integrated view of volcanic processes from mantle to atmosphere, what controls the distribution and frequency of volcanic eruptions, and the impact of volcanoes on climate.</div>  <table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"> <tbody> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="width:496px;"> On the successful completion of the course, students will be able to: </td> <td style="width:72px;"> Developed</td> <td style="width:66px;"> Assessed</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="width:64px;height:59px;"> ILO 1</td> <td style="width:432px;height:59px;"> Explain what controls the distribution and magma composition of volcanoes on Earth, how eruptions are classified and eruptions magnitude and frequency (lecture 1)</td> <td style="width:72px;height:59px;"> Y</td> <td style="width:66px;height:59px;"> Y</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="width:64px;height:67px;"> ILO 2</td> <td style="width:432px;height:67px;"> Explain the roles of volatile content, exsolution and crystallisation in controlling magma rheology and ascent dynamics (lectures 2, 3,4)</td> <td style="width:72px;height:67px;"> Y</td> <td style="width:66px;height:67px;"> Y</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="width:64px;height:76px;"> ILO 3</td> <td style="width:432px;height:76px;"> Estimate magma ascent rate and temperature evolution during an eruption using fluid mechanics and thermodynamics (lecture 4, 5)</td> <td style="width:72px;height:76px;"> Y</td> <td style="width:66px;height:76px;"> Y</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="width:64px;height:66px;"> ILO 4</td> <td style="width:432px;height:66px;"> Describe the processes which control the styles of eruptive activity and how volcanic deposits can distinguish these processes (lecture 6)</td> <td style="width:72px;height:66px;"> Y</td> <td style="width:66px;height:66px;"> Y</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="width:64px;height:66px;"> ILO 5</td> <td style="width:432px;height:66px;"> Create bespoke volcano monitoring strategies and interpret monitoring data during an eruption (lecture 7)</td> <td style="width:72px;height:66px;"> Y</td> <td style="width:66px;height:66px;"> Y</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="width:64px;height:66px;"> ILO 6</td> <td style="width:432px;height:66px;"> Plan the development of a comprehensive volcano hazard assessment programme and communication strategy (lecture 8)</td> <td style="width:72px;height:66px;"> Y</td> <td style="width:66px;height:66px;"> Y</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="width:64px;height:66px;"> ILO 7</td> <td style="width:432px;height:66px;"> Explain the health and climate impacts of eruptions (lecture 9)</td> <td style="width:72px;height:66px;"> Y</td> <td style="width:66px;height:66px;"> Y</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="width:64px;height:66px;"> ILO 8</td> <td style="width:432px;height:66px;"> Assess the efficacy of eruption management in example eruptions (lecture 10)</td> <td style="width:72px;height:66px;"> Y</td> <td style="width:66px;height:66px;"> Y</td> </tr> </tbody></table>  Week 1 L1: Introduction to VolcanologyWeek 2 L2: Volatile behaviour, P2: Estimate the volatile contents of primary magmas from diverse tectonic settings; Use solubility relationships for H2O and CO2 in basalts to predict volume at different pressures; Calculate viscosity as a function of H2O content.Week 3 L3: Magma evolution and magma chamber processes, P3: Thin sections of andesite examination: plagioclase zonation; Thin sections of a layered intrusion examination: eruptability; Exercise on Pressurisation of a magma chamber.Week 4 L4: Rheology and fluid mechanics, P4: computer practical, exercise 1: Etna magma viscosity vs H2O content and crystal volume fraction, Exercise 2: Vesuvius magma viscosity vs H2O content, crystal volume fraction and temperature, Exercise 3: Magma flow rates for Etna magmas, Exercise 4: Magma flow rates for Vesuvius magmas.Week 5 L5: Magma ascent and eruption, P5: Presentation in groups of 5 magma ascent papers. Week 6 L6: Eruption plumes and deposits, P6: Exercise class using equations to determine mass eruption rate, and deposit stratigraphy to determine eruption style.Week 7 L7: Volcano monitoring, P7: investigate volcano monitoring, what geophysical and geochemical, signals are produced and how are they measured and interpreted.Week 8 L8: hazard assessment and risk communication, P8: eruption crisis scenarios.Week 9 L9: Eruptions that shook the world: health and climate impacts, P9: SO2 emission quantification.Week 10 L10: Eruption case studies, P10: it will consist of group presentations on relevant eruptions of 10 minutes each with 5 minutes questions after each talk. This is a formative exercise and will not be assessed.  <div> Lectures to provide core material, with additional context from personal experience and ongoing real-time eruption activity as examples. Practicals to provide activation of the new knowledge, with focussed exercises to embed the new information, using computer cluster and group working. Supply of additional reading material from book chapters and publications to support each lecture.</div>  1 Written exam 50% 7 Oral assessment/presentation 50% <table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="0"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="width:102px;height:68px;">Assessment type</td> <td style="width:85px;height:68px;">% Weighting within unit</td> <td style="width:66px;height:68px;">Hand out and hand in dates</td> <td style="width:94px;height:68px;">Length </td> <td style="width:170px;height:68px;">How, when and what feedback is provided</td> <td style="width:123px;height:68px;">ILO tested</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="width:102px;height:101px;">Mid-course assessment</td> <td style="width:85px;height:101px;">50%</td> <td style="width:66px;height:101px;">Oral presentation in week 4, submitted week 6</td> <td style="width:94px;height:101px;">5-min individual oral presentation</td> <td style="width:170px;height:101px;">Feedback will be provided on Blackboard in S2. Individual feedback provided on request</td> <td style="width:123px;height:101px;">ILOs 1-3</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="width:102px;height:101px;">Final exam</td> <td style="width:85px;height:101px;">50%</td> <td style="width:66px;height:101px;"> </td> <td style="width:94px;height:101px;">2 hours8 questions</td> <td style="width:170px;height:101px;">Written class-level feedback and written feedback on marked scripts will be posted on Blackboard after the exam period. Individual feedback provided on request</td> <td style="width:123px;height:101px;">ILOs 1-8</td> </tr> </tbody></table>  EART22201 Igneous Minerals and Processes Pre-Requisite Compulsory <table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="0"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="width:204px;"> Pre-requisite units</td> <td style="width:437px;"> Successful completion of the Igneous Minerals and Processes course EART22201</td> </tr> </tbody></table>  BSc (Hons) Earth and Plan Scie BSc (Hons) Earth (Geology) Third Year Optional BSc (Hons) Earth and Plan Scie BSc (Hons) Earth (Planet Sci) Third Year Optional BSc (Hons) Earth and Plan Scie BSc (Hons) Earth (Geochemistr) Third Year Optional BSc (Hons) Earth and Plan Scie BSc(Hons)Earth&Plan Sci-Palaeo Third Year Optional BSc (Hons) Earth and Plan Scie BSc (Hons) Eart and Plan (GPG) Third Year Optional MEarthSci (Hons) Ea and Pl Sci MEarthSci (Hons) Earth (Geolo) Third Year Optional MEarthSci (Hons) Ea and Pl Sci MEarthSci (Hons) Earth (Plane) Third Year Optional MEarthSci (Hons) Ea and Pl Sci MEarthSci (Hons) Earth (Geoch) Third Year Optional MEarthSci (Hons) Ea and Pl Sci MEarthSci (Hons) Earth (Palae) Third Year Optional MEarthSci (Hons) Ea and Pl Sci MEarthSci(Hons)Ea&Pl Sci(G&PG) Third Year Optional MEarthSci (Hons) Earth Industr MEarthSci EPS w IE (GeoChem) Third Year Optional MEarthSci (Hons) Earth Industr MEarth Sci (Hons) EPS IE (GPG) Third Year Optional MEarthSci (Hons) Earth Abroad MEarthSci EPS Abroad (PS) Third Year Optional MEarthSci (Hons) Earth Abroad MEarthSci EPS w YA (Geochem) Third Year Optional MEarthSci (Hons) Earth Abroad MEarthSci EPS Yr Abroad (Pala) Third Year Optional MEarthSci (Hons) Earth Abroad MEaSci (Hons) EPSwYA (GPG) Third Year Optional MEarthSci (Hons) EPS with Res MEaSc (H) EPS w R (GeoChem) Third Year Optional MEarthSci (Hons) EPS with Res MEaSc (H) EPS w Res (GPG) Third Year Optional MEarthSci (Hons) EPS with Res MEaSc (H) EPS (Plan Sci) w Res Third Year Optional MEarthSci (Hons) EPS with Res MEaSc (H) EPS (Paleo) with Res Third Year Optional Francis and Oppenheimer, Volcanoes, 2nd Edition, OUPSchmincke, Volcanism, SpringerEncyclopaedia of Volcanoes, 2nd Edition, Elsevier  0 0 100 <figure class="table"><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="0"><tbody><tr><td style="height:68px;width:139px;"> </td><td style="height:68px;width:85px;">Type</td><td style="height:9.75pt;padding:0cm;width:169.5pt;" width="226">Example student activity</td><td style="height:68px;width:75px;">Total Hours</td><td style="height:68px;width:160px;">New material</td><td style="height:68px;width:104px;">Consolidation and Practice</td></tr><tr><td style="height:39px;width:139px;">Contact time (students are in front of staff)</td><td style="height:39px;width:85px;">Lecture (new material)</td><td style="height:39px;width:75px;">Mostly listening & taking notes (mostly new material)</td><td style="height:39px;width:75px;">10</td><td style="height:39px;width:160px;">10</td><td style="height:39px;width:104px;"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td>Lecture (revision/examples)</td><td>Mostly listening & taking notes (no new material- revision of course)</td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td></tr><tr><td style="height:101px;width:139px;"> </td><td style="height:101px;width:85px;">Practical (new material and practice. Typically 25-50% of practical time is spent on new material)</td><td style="height:101px;width:75px;">Interactive individual or group work (problem solving, experiments, watching demonstrations, describing and interpreting samples, paper-based exercises, computer-based exercises)</td><td style="height:101px;width:75px;">18</td><td style="height:101px;width:160px;">4</td><td style="height:101px;width:104px;">14</td></tr><tr><td style="height:101px;width:139px;"> </td><td style="height:101px;width:85px;">Tutorial</td><td style="height:101px;width:75px;">Interactive small group work</td><td style="height:101px;width:75px;"> </td><td style="height:101px;width:160px;"> </td><td style="height:101px;width:104px;"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td>Seminar/examples class</td><td>Working on and discussing questions (here: field seminar)</td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td></tr><tr><td>Independent study time</td><td style="height:9.75pt;padding:0cm;width:131.5pt;" width="175">Pre/post lecture work</td><td>Reading own notes, re-solving examples, prep work, revisit podcast</td><td>16</td><td> </td><td>16</td></tr><tr><td> </td><td>Pre/post practical work/write up</td><td>Complete practical work, prep work, reading feedback</td><td>11</td><td> </td><td>11</td></tr><tr><td> </td><td>Studio/workshop time</td><td>Individual or group</td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td></tr></tbody></table></figure>